Handbook on Whistleblowing Jurisprudence

Over the past two decades, whistleblowing has moved from a principally human-rights-based doctrine under Article 10 ECHR to a dual-layer European framework combining (i) the Strasbourg proportionality model and (ii) the EU’s legislative regime under Directive (EU) 2019/1937. The result is a rapidly expanding jurisprudence that is simultaneously constitutional, procedural, and deeply practical: it defines who is protected, under what conditions, and with what remedies when retaliation occurs. This Handbook offers both doctrinal analysis and practical guidance, situating whistleblowing jurisprudence within the broader framework of European rule of law and democratic accountability.